ThediscoveryofCRISPR(ClusteredRegularlyInterspacedShortPalindromicRepeats)haschangedthefieldofgeneediting.TheserepeatedsequencesarefoundinbacterialgenomeswithshortDNAsequencesderivedfromviruseswhichhaveinfectedthebacteriainterspaced.ThesevirallyderivedsequencescanmakeshortRNAsequenceswhichcanhybridizewithspecificviralDNAandtargetanuclease,suchasCas9,totheviralsequence.So,ifthebacteriaareinfectedbythisvirusagain,Cas9canbedirectedtocleavethespecificviralsequenceandsoinactivatethevirus.BycarefuldesignoftheRNAsequencethesystemcanbeusedtospecificallycutDNAvirtuallyanywhere,includinginlivinghumanandothermammaliancells.Thisallowsinexpensivegeneeditingwithunprecedentedease,andmucheffortisgoingintorefiningtheCas9enzymesandtheirrelativesforuseinmammaliansystems.
Image:Hek293cellculturetransfectedwithaconstructincludingtheCterminal814-1372aminoacidsofStaphylococcuspyogenesCas9.ThecellswerestainedwithRA22126inredandalsowithachickenantibodytoS.pyogenesCas9ingreen.AcellexpressingCas9thereforeappearsyellow.MostHek293cellsarenottransfectedsoonlythenucleusofthesecellscanbevisualizedwiththeblueDNAstain.
SeveralvarietiesofCas9havebeenstudiedandthereappeartobeseveralotherrelatedenzymeswithsimilarpropertiesinbacteria.TwoCas9homologsincludeStreptococcuspyogenseandStaphylococcusaureus.Staphylococcusaureusissignificantlysmallerandsopresentslessproblemswhenpackagedintovectors.TheS.pyogenesproteinisratherlargeat1,368aminoacids,~160kDa,sothecorrespondingDNAisalsoratherlargeatabout4.2kb.Ourantibodyisanaffinitypurifiedpolyclonalraisedinrabbitagainstamixtureoftworecombinantconstructscorrespondingtoaminoacids1-608and814-1372ofCas9fromtheStreptococcuspyogenesandbindsboththeseproteinstransfectedintocellsandonwesternblots,andalsorecognizesthefulllengthprotein.ThehomologousregionoftheS.aureusCas9isnotcloselyrelatedinaminoacidsequenceand,asexpected,thisantibodydoesnotrecognizethatprotein.
GeneTools Cas9fromStaphylococcusaureus-RabbitWholeSerumAntibody | Cas9fromSteptococcuspyogenese-MouseMonoclonalAntibody Cas9fromStaphylococcusaureus-ChickenIgYPrepAntibody | Cas9fromStaphylococcusaureus- MouseMonoclonalAntibody |
Image:WesternblotanalysisofRA22126
Blotof100ng(lane1)and10ng(lane2)offulllengthCas9proteinfromStreptococcuspyogeneswasprobedwithRA22126at1:2,000dilution.ThisantibodyrecognizesfulllengthCas9proteinat160kDaandaproteolyticfragmentat130kDa.
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