ThediscoveryofCRISPR(ClusteredRegularlyInterspacedShortPalindromicRepeats)haschangedthefieldofgeneediting.TheserepeatedsequencesarefoundinbacterialgenomeswithshortDNAsequencesderivedfromviruseswhichhaveinfectedthebacteriainterspaced.ThesevirallyderivedsequencescanmakeshortRNAsequenceswhichcanhybridizewithspecificviralDNAandtargetanuclease,suchasCas9,totheviralsequence.So,ifthebacteriaareinfectedbythisvirusagain,Cas9canbedirectedtocleavethespecificviralsequenceandsoinactivatethevirus.BycarefuldesignoftheRNAsequencethesystemcanbeusedtospecificallycutDNAvirtuallyanywhere,includinginlivinghumanandothermammaliancells.Thisallowsinexpensivegeneeditingwithunprecedentedease,andmucheffortisgoingintorefiningtheCas9enzymesandtheirrelativesforuseinmammaliansystems.
Image:TransfectedHek293cellsoverexpressingtheN-terminal1-608aminoacidsof S.pyogenes Cas9.ThecellswerestainedwithMO22174inred,andthesecellsalsoappearyellowsincewecounterstainedwithourrabbitCas9antibody,RA22126tothesameconstructingreen,givingayellowcolor.TheN-terminalconstructcontainsanuclearlocalizationsequenceandsoispredominantlynuclearinlocalization.MostHek293cellsinthisfieldarenottransfectedsoonlythenucleiofthesecellscanbevisualizedwiththeblueDAPIDNAstain.
SeveralvarietiesofCas9havebeenstudiedandthereappeartobeseveralotherrelatedenzymeswithsimilarpropertiesinbacteria.TwoCas9homologsincludeStreptococcuspyogenseandStaphylococcusaureus.Staphylococcusaureus issignificantlysmallerandsopresentslessproblemswhenpackagedintovectors.The S.pyogenes proteinisratherlargeat1,368aminoacids,~160kDa,sothecorrespondingDNAisalsoratherlargeatabout4.2kb.Ourantibodyisamousemonoclonalraisedagainst aminoacids1-608ofCas9from S.pyogenes andbindstheimmunogentransfectedintocellsonwesternblotsandinimmunocytochemistry.Thehomologousregionofthe S.aureus Cas9isnotcloselyrelatedinaminoacidsequenceand,asexpected,thisantibodydoesnotrecognizethatprotein.
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