RhodopsinistheproteininthemammalianretinaresponsIBLeforthelightsensitivityofrodcells,whichareresponsibleforvisioninlowlightlevels.TherhodopsinproteinisamemberoftheGprotein-coupledreceptor(GPCR)rhodopsin-likefamily.Itexistswithatheligandboundsubsatncenamedretinal.Retinalcanexistintwoisomericforms,11-cisand11-transretinal.Inthedarkrhodopsinisassociatedwith11-cisretinal,butlightcauseathe11-cisformtofliptothe11-transform,andthiscausesanalterationinthestructureoftherhodopsinmakingitcatalyticallyactiveresultinginareducedrateofphotoreceptorsynapticrelease.Activityisshutoffbyphosphorylationundertheinfluenceofrhodopsinkinase,theactivityofwhichresultsinbindingofvisualarrestin(a.k.a.arrestin-1andS-antigen),whichpreventsrhodopsinfrominteractingwithandactivatingmoretransducinmolecules.
Image:Rhodopsinstainingofpigretinalsections(green)andcounter-stainedwithNF-M(red)andDNA(blue).Rhodopsinismostabundantintheoutersegmentsofretina(OS),NF-Misabundantintheopticnervefiberlayer(ONFL),butseeninprocessesandneuronsinotherregionsalso.Otherlayersarepigmentedepithelium(PE),outerandinnernuclearlayers(ONL,INL),outerandinnerplexiformlayers(OPL,IPL)andganglioncelllayer(GCL).Protocolondata-sheet.
DefectsinRhodopsinarethecauseofretinitispigmentosatype4.Patientstypicallyhavenightvisionblindnessandlossofmidperipheralvisualfield.Astheirconditionprogresses,theylosetheirfarperipheralvisualfieldandeventuallycentralvisionaswell.
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